Under the background of the construction of new engineering disciplines, the research on the innovative development path of vocational education specialties has become an important topic for promoting industrial upgrading and social economic development. Based on policy orientations such as the "Fudan Consensus", "Tianjin University Initiative", and "Beijing Guidelines", and in combination with the core connotations of interdisciplinary integration of new engineering, technological innovation, and the cultivation of practical abilities, this article An in-depth analysis of the practical problems existing in vocational education in terms of professional setting, curriculum system, teaching staff, practical teaching and evaluation system, such as disconnection from industrial demands, lagging updates, weak construction, insufficient conditions and incomplete system. By proposing strategies such as innovative talent cultivation models, building a platform for cooperative education among the government, schools and enterprises, promoting the construction of new majors and the transformation of old ones, and strengthening the introduction and training of teachers, the practical paths for the innovative development of vocational education majors are explored. The research results show that vocational education needs to closely align with the development trend of new engineering disciplines, deepen the integration of industry and education, optimize the professional structure and curriculum system, enhance the comprehensive quality of the teaching staff, improve the conditions for practical teaching, and perfect the talent cultivation and evaluation system, in order to cultivate high-quality technical and skilled talents that meet the demands of emerging industries. Provide solid talent support for industrial technological innovation and high-quality social and economic development.